fashion jewelry wholesale los angeles The use of Indo -Gold Dynasties has the use of gold.

Cedric

November 16, 2022 at 2:19 pm

wholesale turkish evil eye jewelry Gold is yellow, never changing color, light shines, seductive charm, very precious. The gold volume is small, the value is large, and it is easy to carry and collect it. Its physical properties are particularly superior. If they are not afraid of erosion, do not be weathering, have strong ductility, and have a hardness of 2.5-3.0, which is easy to process. These advantages of gold have determined that it was monopolized by the upper society from the beginning.
In in our country, the starting point of the history of gold is the Bronze Age, which starts at the time and Yin Dynasty, which is about 3800 years ago. It has begun to start in the northern grassland and the Central Plains area before. The analysis of quantitative composition analysis and gold phase test, surface qualitative component analysis, and surface local rust removal analysis of the copper cultural tombs unearthed from Yimenhuo Dougou Times in Gansu There are magazines with diversified elements and high content. Although we have not confirmed whether these diverse copper equipment and diversified impurities contain gold metal elements, it is certain that the use of diverse metal materials helps people discover gold and use it. In addition, the use of gold has a short and relatively independent development process in the Southwest, but it finally disappears in the Central Plains culture.
The technology of processing gold seems to be prepared for the later textile printing. Textile printing is a general name, including gold, mud gold, etc., and the earliest and most common method of printing is gold. The gold of gold needs to be made into gold foil, and my country's gold processing starts with the production of gold leaves. Although the thickness of the golden blades is far thicker than the gold foil, its overall development trend is flat. For example, the earliest gold and silver wares seen in my country have been unearthed in Qinghai Karuo Culture and Siba Culture in Gansu. According to archeological discovery, the lacquerware in the Shang Dynasty of Hebei was decorated with gold foil. The northwest of the northwest of Houjiazhuang, Yinxu, Anyang, Henan, has golden bubbles and bridge -shaped gold films. These archeological records prove that as early as the Shang Dynasty, people have been able to master and use the most ductive characteristics of gold to process gold foils that are only 1 % of a millimeter of thickness found in Yinxu, Anyang. The production of gold foil has laid the technical foundation for material processing for the emergence of textile printing technology.
, but the gold technology was not applied in textiles at first. The reason may come from two aspects. One is that it has not yet entered the aesthetic pursuit of Yijinjin Gold; the other is in technology. At the level, the presence is not resolved, because the gold is attached to the surface of textiles and utensils. There is a large difference in technical requirements. The scope of the use of gold in the Han Dynasty became increasingly expanded. In 1968, the tomb of the Liu Sheng of the Liu Sheng of Zhongshan in the Western Han Dynasty in the Western Han Dynasty, Hebei, was unearthed with golden jade clothing directly used as a jade piece material for jade sheet materials. Although it is still a bit far from textile printing gold, it has expanded the use of gold to the field of clothing. It should be said that the distance between textile printing is closer than the textile printing. The stringed golden lines are probably a more popular clothing technology in the Western Han Dynasty. For embroidery for felt pupa. The important connection between stringing golden lines to textile printing is the number of printed veils of 340-11 and 24 pieces unearthed from the tomb of the Ma Wangdui, and the number of two bamboo seeds numbered 337 and 346. Little remnants. These printed veils wrote in the original excavation report, "Gold and Silver Printing veil, which is later identified as printing with colors such as Yunmu Powder" and corrected as "gold and silver printed gauze". Although the "gold and silver printing gauze" is not a real printing gold textile, it seems not far from the appearance of printing gold textiles.
The 1990s was found to be close to the placket and golden felt boots of the Xinjiang Yingpan site, and it clearly stated that the clothing was close to the printing. The necklines, skirts, plackets, and socks of men's and women's clothing can be seen. You can see the triangle, dot, and square gold foil decoration. Among them, there is a golden placket with a piece of geese. There are two decoration edges. The sloping edges of the middle and sides of the middle and sides are embroidered pomegranate flowers with brocades and silk strips. The horizontal side of the bottom is pale yellow, purple, red, and green. The upper sticks are staggered with triangular gold foil and continuous circular gold foil. The triangle gold foil is about 0.5 cm high, and the diameter of the round gold foil is about 0.4 cm. The carved character costumes of the Anga Tomb Tomb of the Northern Zhou Dynasty found in the north side of the Daming Palace of Xi'an can also see many gold -decorated leather belts, bracelets, and collars, which may reflect the costume characteristics of the Sogdians who entered the Central Plains in the early days.
The printed method of stickers before the Han and Jin dynasties in China did not discover. After the Silk Road was opened, the heavy town camp suddenly appeared in the cultural exchange channel of the East and the West, indicating that in the study of ancient Chinese textile printing, there was one different from that is different from the study The aspects of silk and jade, this is to expand the history of the development of gold and silver wares in the west of our country, not just limited to my country, that is, not only pay attention to the exchange of Chinese and Western gold and silverware and its craftsmanship, but also depends on it depends on To the historical facts spread from foreign gold and silverware in our country and it have passed on. With the dramatic increase in the exchanges of Eastern and Western cultural exchanges in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the extensive life of luxury and waves, gold seems to be regarded as a luxury external representation, forming the most intuitive and intuitive form of property with noble status and rich assets. The most direct thing that the most envious of material life can be resorted to vision is advocated. According to the "Three Kingdoms, Wei Zhi · Xia Hou Shang Chuan": "Golden science system, below listed below, and above the generals, all of them must be served, Jin, Luo, Qi, 纨, vegetarian, gold and silver ornaments . "Also," Biography of the North History "contains:" Persia tries to offer golden lines, tissue unusual tissue, and dedication. In the area, not only is it required to wear Luo clothes, but also the use of gold and silver, and even imitate the weaving golden robe dedicated from Persia. It can be seen that the situation of gold fabrics has become quite popular in the Six Dynasties. The increase in textiles in the Han and Jin dynasties and after the Sui Dynasty was also related to the widely used Buddha statues and gold decorations. For example, the Buddha statues of the Sui and Tang murals and the clothing decoration of the Bodhisattva also partially adopted the golden process, but most of them have been peeled off. , Rarely to keep intact. With the introduction of Buddhism, under the prosperity of worship of the Buddha and the guidance of people's minds to Buddha, the costumes in real life have become a more common phenomenon with gold decoration. Especially in the Tang and Song dynasties, the increase in the output of gold and silver weapons and the improvement of the process showed the luxury pursuit of the rich and luxuriousness of the world. The textile printing was also developed rapidly under the influence of the above comprehensive factors.
The Tang Dynasty economy, prosperity in culture, advanced craftsmanship, and gold consumption expanded, and the method of using gold was gradually diverse. Yang Shenxin, the Tang Dynasty in the Ming Dynasty, said that there were sixteen methods of using gold in the Tang Dynasty: gold, filming, gold plating, gold, gold, gold, mud gold, gold, gold, gold, gold, and circle gold , Paste gold, embedded gold, and wrapped gold, showing that the method of using gold is used.
The golden objects for textiles in the Tang Dynasty. In addition to the weaving gold and embroidery clothing found in Famen Temple, there is also an example of Indian gold silk. In accordance with the highest ritual of Tantra, an iron letter wrapped in the seal of Golden Sao Luo. Although this package of Indian Golden Saolo can no longer be peeled off from the iron letter, the golden foil gold foil staped on it is clearly distinguished. In addition to the Famen Temple found that the golden printing was found, there were many other literature records about other textiles in the Tang Dynasty. For example, "The Tangwen" Volume 44 "Restore the two Beijing Amnesty" says: "Buildings, car, clothes, clothes, and standard. , Everything is forbidden. "Emperor Su Zong had forbidden Golden Mud. Gold mud is mud gold. It is said that it is a processing method of mixing the extremely fine gold powder and adhesives or hand -drawn or hand -painted on the fabric. The Tang Dynasty mud printed flowers seem to be more common in clothing, and their decorative techniques are mainly depicting. For example, the Tang Dynasty verses "Luo Yi vague gold mud paintings", "gold mud color is not full of treasure, paintings began to start", "Yue Luo Luo cold and thin gold mud" can be proved. There are many names of Chinese textiles, such as gold, gold, dandruff gold, gold, mud, gold, gold, gold, sprinkled gold, gold, etc. However, the most basic printing technology is nothing more than two: one is the gold technology, and the other is the gold technology.
[Paste gold] Paste the gold foil on the textiles. So far, I have seen the earliest gold textiles unearthed in the Panhan Jin cemetery in Xinjiang. The most technical link of gold textile technology is the production of gold foil and the use of adhesives.
The gold foil uses a thin piece made of gold hammer. Modern folk traditional crafts are made of gold foil. The gold bars with a gold content of 99.99%as the main raw material. In the Wujin Paper, it is then a manual hammer of 6 to 8 hours to make the golden leaves forming foil. "Hardware · Gold" in "Tiantong Kaiwan" records: "As for gold, it is gorgeous and valuable for the world, so it is applied by artificial foil. Noodles can be covered with three feet. After making gold foil, after making thin slices, wrapped in Wujin paper, and trying to make a vertebral spine (a short handle of the gold vertebrae, weighing about 8 pounds).
" The craftsmanship is roughly in line with. The process of making gold foil in traditional foil is relatively complicated. So far, there are still segmented on the folk crafts, with ratio, chemical strips, leaves, twisted, dumping, splitting, opening the child, making pits, beating, and detailed hitting , Issue twelve processes such as foil. The final gold foil is golden, bright and soft, as light as fur, as thin as cicada wings, which is lower than 0.12 microns.
The selection of adhesives may be different from all ages, and different regions will be different, so it is difficult to determine.不过，通过查考文献记载和民间工艺调查，大致在古代被用作印金黏合剂以及掺合剂促黏的材料有大漆、桐油、楮树浆、桃树汁、骨胶、鱼胶、糯米糊、 Garlic liquid, soy milk mucus, rock sugar water, etc. Large paint, also known as natural paint, raw paint, soil paint. Chinese specialty, so it is called Chinese lacquer. For a natural resin paint, it is a white viscous emulsion that cuts the lacquer tree bark and flows out of the tough skin. It is made after processing. The use of lacquer began in the late Neolithic era. In the Shang Dynasty, the color paint was richer and appeared to stick gold foil and inlaid green pine on the lacquerware. After the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period, the production of lacquer wares has been developed, and it has been developed in the Han Dynasty, Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties, and has been used to this day.
The large paint in history was used to paint palace, temple, car, boat, coffin and family supplies. Paint textiles include lacquer yarn and so on. Tung oil is a kind of dry vegetable oil squeezed from the Chinese specialty oil tung seeds. The main ingredient is tung oil acid. Tung oil has the characteristics of rapid drying, high and low temperature, corrosion resistance, etc. Therefore, it is widely used in manufacturing industries such as lacquer, building, printing, ink, and shipbuilding. For example, in the painting, the brightness of the tung oil membrane is larger than the paint, but the anti -aging performance is not as good as the paint. The output of the paint is smaller than the tung oil, and the cost is also higher. , And can reduce costs.
The glutinous rice in ancient buildings was mixed with tung oil lime to adhere to bricks. The intensity of this adhesive even exceeded the modern cement mortar. In the print, the blue printing cloth is used to determine the pattern location of the oil paper carving version. This oil paper cutting version is mounted with persimmon paint with persimmon. The engraving method is connected with the paper -cutting paper, but the connection must be firm, emphasizing evenly to prevent the angle. After the paper version is engraved, apply a layer of tung oil. One is to increase the fastness, and the other is to make it difficult to transmit water. Wang Yan (xù) The cinnabar dyeing process of the Han Dynasty and the Han Dynasty printing of the Han Dynasty has been made of paint dyeing and printing experiments. In the experiment, Wang Yan adopted the color pulp made of a small amount of cooked tung oil in the egg yolk, because he believed that the adhesive in the color of the chopped fabric paste in the Han Dynasty, in addition to various glue, use dry oil (Such as cooked tung oil, etc.) is very likely. Trive pulp, which is both sapped juice. The trees, also known as the puppet tree and the tree, belong to the mulberry plants, the leaves of the leaves, the male and female, and the leaves are sometimes lacking into symmetry, and the fruits are red. The cricket tree milk contains a phenolic compound, which has an excellent adhesive effect similar to the paintol.
The common name of the tree constructing trees. The Book of Songs is called "Valley". The bark is rich in fiber can be used for papermaking, so it is called a papermaking tree; Its leaves feed deer, cattle, sheep and other animals, so they are also called deer trees. Eight "Hardware · Gold" in "Tiantong Kai" volume: "The Chinese objects, first use the paint, and then paste it. Those who paste the prison mostly use the slurry of the tree." , Li, Apricot, Cherry and other trunks secreted the lipid gum, the peach trees are mainly mountain peach trees. Peach trees are native to our country. In the Book of Songs, there are good phrases of "Peach, Burning their Chinese", and now they are widely cultivated around the world. Peach gum is a translucent polysaccharide substance with a wide range of uses. In the textile industry, it is used as an acid printed paste, the carving process of the flower cylinder is used as a protective rubber, and the printing industry is used as a gold powder adhesive. And make paper adhesives to replace imported Arab glue.
The bright glue is a kind of protein raised from a long -step degradation from the connective tissue (skin and bone) of animals (cattle, horses, pigs), and has a long history of using history. Traditional ink -making related to printed technology and commonly used gelatin as adhesives in the production of pigments. The gelatin of the blended pigment is also called Huang Mingjiao and Guangjiao. It is mostly produced in Guangdong and Guangxi. It is made of cow, horses, tendons, bones, and corners. Add water to melt with micro fire, and use only the upper layer to lightly divert the color. Ejiao, also known as Fu Zhijiao, is also made of beasts such as beef and horses. There are three types of glue, thin and transparent, pale yellow, and are selected for coordinates; the other is a clear and thick, or black paint for medicine; When the painter is used, it also melted with clear water, and only uses the water above. Glutinous rice paste, sauce made with glutinous rice. Glutinous rice is called Jiangmi, Yuanmi, and wine. The glutinous rice is a variant of rice cultivated by China. The rice grains are white, and the embryo contains branches of starch. When the masonry wall was mounted in the Ming Dynasty, the lime mortar and glutinous rice juice were stirred together and then made of glue materials.
It, the spring couplets under the eaves under the eaves of the city are also commonly used. According to folk artists, the traditional gold decorative technique is to pinch the gold foil with bamboo pliers, stick it to a sticky background, stick golden foundation, and use fishy glue to brush a layer. This is the ancient method of the Tang and Song dynasties; The use of tree fluid is the method of Guanzhong. Soymilk mucus, garlic liquid, and rock sugar water are available. Generally, garlic liquid is used on the cloth, on the wall and wooden board, "golden gum oil" is used with "pink powder" on the line. In addition, the materials used for adhesion in traditional crafts include worm glue and potato juice.
The gold foil used in the stickers is mostly called film gold. It has a certain thickness and fastness. Usually, according to the pattern needs, we can cut it and paste it without a background. Later, due to economic considerations and the development of the technology itself, the gold foil has become thinner and thinner, and it is fragile to blow the situation, so it can no longer be pasted with clipping. The main method of gold printing. In Jin Dynasty, this method may have been used for building decoration.
"Golden History · Benji" fifth "Hailing": "The decoration of the palace, the gold and the golden back, the gold dander is like falling into the snow", the record is probably the golden craftsmanship attached to the foil sticky golden craftsmanship Essence Although the foil sticky is the entire gold foil, in fact, only the gold foil with the patterns with a binder in advance. Name, so it is also called dandruff gold. Dandruff, crushing the end too. However, the Golden people avoid taboos, so in terms of "Ming gold" in terms of sales, the Song people just opposite and like to destroy the gold country with the gold homophony of gold. The name.
[Gold] is a processing method that reconciles gold powder with adhesives or after mud seals or is painted on the surface of the silk. The method of mud is closely linked to the traditional painting of Chinese painting, so its history can be traced back to a long time. However, the time of the mud gold textiles in the real sense is not too early. The Han and Jin dynasties were just the beginning, and the real popularity began until the Tang Dynasty, because the gold craftsman used the gold powder to make the technical premise.
The method of making traditional gold powder: one is the grinding method and auxiliary grinding method. The grinding method of gold powder uses emerald dandruff gold, such as the "gold dander" bar listed in the "Compendium of Materia Medica", and "Continuous Museum": "Those with different things, emerald dandruff ..." Emerald Dedu Gold uses emerald stones to make gold into powder. Ouyang Xiu also mentioned emerald dandruff gold in "Guitian Record": "And the emerald dandruff gold and popularity, these two things are unknown in the world. Yu, thought the jasper. When I was in Luzhou, I tried to show the ownership. The soldiers and horses were under the jurisdiction of Deng Baogi, and the true sects were old and the old ministers also knew it. There is a jadeite in the database in Tibet, so I know it. After that, Yu Tu -Yaoshi's golden ring was grinded in the pop -up, and the gold dandruff fell. Gold "also segmentation of the auxiliary grinding method: First, use gold foil greasy powder milk, fried with fire, gold foil like mud, and then roasting on the fire, researching it as powder, this is Chinese traditional Chinese medicine. This is Chinese traditional Chinese medicine. The method of making gold powder. The second is the Fox Gangzi method. See Hu Gangzi's "Golden Mine Records" and "Hardware Powder Scriptures". Its process technology is as follows: "In eliminating new mad gold, silver vinyls, in the sake of chi, if (or or (or or (or or (or or (or or ) Two Baidu in the true honey must be soft and moist ... Two hundred times in pig fat, which becomes soft gold. Put into thin (foil), cut it carefully, throw non -toxic watermark into mud, and take one or two gold or two , Six or two with water and silver, half a good rice meal, coincide in water. Put a thousand pestle in the iron mortar, wait for fineness, pour in the pot, remove the stones with water (torta), and try in detail. Go. Research, sieve rough objects, and make more discussions. Do not put it in the soil kettle. It is recommended to be salt, flying half a day, fly to mercury 讫, sand (tao) to salt, that is, natural powder. "Huang Baishi." In his "Gold Mine List", Fox Gangzi has detailed discussions on the types of gold and silver ore types, distribution, taste, authentic identification, smelting, and other aspects. In order to reduce gold and silver venom, the "Alchemy and Silver Powder" method was the first to be found to the Ming Dynasty, and it was eliminated due to medical disability. However, as a non -medicinal gold powder, it is taken in the people or has inheritance.
[sprinkle gold, gold sprinkle] The name of the gold should be related to mud gold. Sprinkling and gold may refer to the same process. It is generally believed that the technology of sprinklement is based on the pattern printing adhesive, and then sprinkle it with gold powder. The gold powder with a adhesive is sticking to the pattern. However, the name of "Sprinkling Gold" or "Satsu" has not been recorded in the literature before the Yuan Dynasty. Shen Congwen once quoted the "fine and dense" of the Ming Dynasty mentioned in the "Talking of Golden Paper" in the article "Talking about the Golden Flower Paper". Sprinkle gold and five -color powder paper, five -color big curtain sprinkle gold paper, printing gold five -color flower paper ", but there is no words and gold textiles. The records of the "sprinkler" in the Ming Dynasty did not see it, so it was difficult to explain its appearance, but it was verified that a document of the Suzhou Weaving Bureau of the Qing Dynasty: "Five colors of gold silk, each one long and six feet, each one long, six feet, and six feet long. Six foot wide, use the cleansing and pure bone silk with each foot, one or two silver, three dollars of paint -dyeing and silver, one -quarter of the real gold foil, three -quarters of the gold industry and banking Eight percent, each silver twenty -three -six dollars. "This copy of the price of five -color wax paper in Tongzhi in the eight -year manufacturing of five -colored wax paper, showing that sprinkle gold is not gold powder, but gold foil. Therefore, Shen Congwen summarized the three ways when talking about the general gold technology treatment of golden flower paper: "First, the small pieces of dense paper are like rain and snow, which is commonly referred to as 'selling gold', 'dandruff gold' or 'rain gold', that is, ordinary ordinary 'Sprinkle gold'. Second, the large -scale distributed paper is like a snow piece, which is called 'large blockbuster', and it is also called 'film gold', which is generally called 'sprinkled gold'. Silk is called 'Hun Gold'). "

1 thought on “fashion jewelry wholesale los angeles The use of Indo -Gold Dynasties has the use of gold.”

Cedric
November 16, 2022 at 2:19 pm

wholesale turkish evil eye jewelry Gold is yellow, never changing color, light shines, seductive charm, very precious. The gold volume is small, the value is large, and it is easy to carry and collect it. Its physical properties are particularly superior. If they are not afraid of erosion, do not be weathering, have strong ductility, and have a hardness of 2.5-3.0, which is easy to process. These advantages of gold have determined that it was monopolized by the upper society from the beginning.
In in our country, the starting point of the history of gold is the Bronze Age, which starts at the time and Yin Dynasty, which is about 3800 years ago. It has begun to start in the northern grassland and the Central Plains area before. The analysis of quantitative composition analysis and gold phase test, surface qualitative component analysis, and surface local rust removal analysis of the copper cultural tombs unearthed from Yimenhuo Dougou Times in Gansu There are magazines with diversified elements and high content. Although we have not confirmed whether these diverse copper equipment and diversified impurities contain gold metal elements, it is certain that the use of diverse metal materials helps people discover gold and use it. In addition, the use of gold has a short and relatively independent development process in the Southwest, but it finally disappears in the Central Plains culture.
The technology of processing gold seems to be prepared for the later textile printing. Textile printing is a general name, including gold, mud gold, etc., and the earliest and most common method of printing is gold. The gold of gold needs to be made into gold foil, and my country's gold processing starts with the production of gold leaves. Although the thickness of the golden blades is far thicker than the gold foil, its overall development trend is flat. For example, the earliest gold and silver wares seen in my country have been unearthed in Qinghai Karuo Culture and Siba Culture in Gansu. According to archeological discovery, the lacquerware in the Shang Dynasty of Hebei was decorated with gold foil. The northwest of the northwest of Houjiazhuang, Yinxu, Anyang, Henan, has golden bubbles and bridge -shaped gold films. These archeological records prove that as early as the Shang Dynasty, people have been able to master and use the most ductive characteristics of gold to process gold foils that are only 1 % of a millimeter of thickness found in Yinxu, Anyang. The production of gold foil has laid the technical foundation for material processing for the emergence of textile printing technology.
, but the gold technology was not applied in textiles at first. The reason may come from two aspects. One is that it has not yet entered the aesthetic pursuit of Yijinjin Gold; the other is in technology. At the level, the presence is not resolved, because the gold is attached to the surface of textiles and utensils. There is a large difference in technical requirements. The scope of the use of gold in the Han Dynasty became increasingly expanded. In 1968, the tomb of the Liu Sheng of the Liu Sheng of Zhongshan in the Western Han Dynasty in the Western Han Dynasty, Hebei, was unearthed with golden jade clothing directly used as a jade piece material for jade sheet materials. Although it is still a bit far from textile printing gold, it has expanded the use of gold to the field of clothing. It should be said that the distance between textile printing is closer than the textile printing. The stringed golden lines are probably a more popular clothing technology in the Western Han Dynasty. For embroidery for felt pupa. The important connection between stringing golden lines to textile printing is the number of printed veils of 340-11 and 24 pieces unearthed from the tomb of the Ma Wangdui, and the number of two bamboo seeds numbered 337 and 346. Little remnants. These printed veils wrote in the original excavation report, "Gold and Silver Printing veil, which is later identified as printing with colors such as Yunmu Powder" and corrected as "gold and silver printed gauze". Although the "gold and silver printing gauze" is not a real printing gold textile, it seems not far from the appearance of printing gold textiles.
The 1990s was found to be close to the placket and golden felt boots of the Xinjiang Yingpan site, and it clearly stated that the clothing was close to the printing. The necklines, skirts, plackets, and socks of men's and women's clothing can be seen. You can see the triangle, dot, and square gold foil decoration. Among them, there is a golden placket with a piece of geese. There are two decoration edges. The sloping edges of the middle and sides of the middle and sides are embroidered pomegranate flowers with brocades and silk strips. The horizontal side of the bottom is pale yellow, purple, red, and green. The upper sticks are staggered with triangular gold foil and continuous circular gold foil. The triangle gold foil is about 0.5 cm high, and the diameter of the round gold foil is about 0.4 cm. The carved character costumes of the Anga Tomb Tomb of the Northern Zhou Dynasty found in the north side of the Daming Palace of Xi'an can also see many gold -decorated leather belts, bracelets, and collars, which may reflect the costume characteristics of the Sogdians who entered the Central Plains in the early days.
The printed method of stickers before the Han and Jin dynasties in China did not discover. After the Silk Road was opened, the heavy town camp suddenly appeared in the cultural exchange channel of the East and the West, indicating that in the study of ancient Chinese textile printing, there was one different from that is different from the study The aspects of silk and jade, this is to expand the history of the development of gold and silver wares in the west of our country, not just limited to my country, that is, not only pay attention to the exchange of Chinese and Western gold and silverware and its craftsmanship, but also depends on it depends on To the historical facts spread from foreign gold and silverware in our country and it have passed on. With the dramatic increase in the exchanges of Eastern and Western cultural exchanges in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the extensive life of luxury and waves, gold seems to be regarded as a luxury external representation, forming the most intuitive and intuitive form of property with noble status and rich assets. The most direct thing that the most envious of material life can be resorted to vision is advocated. According to the "Three Kingdoms, Wei Zhi · Xia Hou Shang Chuan": "Golden science system, below listed below, and above the generals, all of them must be served, Jin, Luo, Qi, 纨, vegetarian, gold and silver ornaments . "Also," Biography of the North History "contains:" Persia tries to offer golden lines, tissue unusual tissue, and dedication. In the area, not only is it required to wear Luo clothes, but also the use of gold and silver, and even imitate the weaving golden robe dedicated from Persia. It can be seen that the situation of gold fabrics has become quite popular in the Six Dynasties. The increase in textiles in the Han and Jin dynasties and after the Sui Dynasty was also related to the widely used Buddha statues and gold decorations. For example, the Buddha statues of the Sui and Tang murals and the clothing decoration of the Bodhisattva also partially adopted the golden process, but most of them have been peeled off. , Rarely to keep intact. With the introduction of Buddhism, under the prosperity of worship of the Buddha and the guidance of people's minds to Buddha, the costumes in real life have become a more common phenomenon with gold decoration. Especially in the Tang and Song dynasties, the increase in the output of gold and silver weapons and the improvement of the process showed the luxury pursuit of the rich and luxuriousness of the world. The textile printing was also developed rapidly under the influence of the above comprehensive factors.
The Tang Dynasty economy, prosperity in culture, advanced craftsmanship, and gold consumption expanded, and the method of using gold was gradually diverse. Yang Shenxin, the Tang Dynasty in the Ming Dynasty, said that there were sixteen methods of using gold in the Tang Dynasty: gold, filming, gold plating, gold, gold, gold, mud gold, gold, gold, gold, gold, and circle gold , Paste gold, embedded gold, and wrapped gold, showing that the method of using gold is used.
The golden objects for textiles in the Tang Dynasty. In addition to the weaving gold and embroidery clothing found in Famen Temple, there is also an example of Indian gold silk. In accordance with the highest ritual of Tantra, an iron letter wrapped in the seal of Golden Sao Luo. Although this package of Indian Golden Saolo can no longer be peeled off from the iron letter, the golden foil gold foil staped on it is clearly distinguished. In addition to the Famen Temple found that the golden printing was found, there were many other literature records about other textiles in the Tang Dynasty. For example, "The Tangwen" Volume 44 "Restore the two Beijing Amnesty" says: "Buildings, car, clothes, clothes, and standard. , Everything is forbidden. "Emperor Su Zong had forbidden Golden Mud. Gold mud is mud gold. It is said that it is a processing method of mixing the extremely fine gold powder and adhesives or hand -drawn or hand -painted on the fabric. The Tang Dynasty mud printed flowers seem to be more common in clothing, and their decorative techniques are mainly depicting. For example, the Tang Dynasty verses "Luo Yi vague gold mud paintings", "gold mud color is not full of treasure, paintings began to start", "Yue Luo Luo cold and thin gold mud" can be proved. There are many names of Chinese textiles, such as gold, gold, dandruff gold, gold, mud, gold, gold, gold, sprinkled gold, gold, etc. However, the most basic printing technology is nothing more than two: one is the gold technology, and the other is the gold technology.
[Paste gold] Paste the gold foil on the textiles. So far, I have seen the earliest gold textiles unearthed in the Panhan Jin cemetery in Xinjiang. The most technical link of gold textile technology is the production of gold foil and the use of adhesives.
The gold foil uses a thin piece made of gold hammer. Modern folk traditional crafts are made of gold foil. The gold bars with a gold content of 99.99%as the main raw material. In the Wujin Paper, it is then a manual hammer of 6 to 8 hours to make the golden leaves forming foil. "Hardware · Gold" in "Tiantong Kaiwan" records: "As for gold, it is gorgeous and valuable for the world, so it is applied by artificial foil. Noodles can be covered with three feet. After making gold foil, after making thin slices, wrapped in Wujin paper, and trying to make a vertebral spine (a short handle of the gold vertebrae, weighing about 8 pounds).
" The craftsmanship is roughly in line with. The process of making gold foil in traditional foil is relatively complicated. So far, there are still segmented on the folk crafts, with ratio, chemical strips, leaves, twisted, dumping, splitting, opening the child, making pits, beating, and detailed hitting , Issue twelve processes such as foil. The final gold foil is golden, bright and soft, as light as fur, as thin as cicada wings, which is lower than 0.12 microns.
The selection of adhesives may be different from all ages, and different regions will be different, so it is difficult to determine.不过，通过查考文献记载和民间工艺调查，大致在古代被用作印金黏合剂以及掺合剂促黏的材料有大漆、桐油、楮树浆、桃树汁、骨胶、鱼胶、糯米糊、 Garlic liquid, soy milk mucus, rock sugar water, etc. Large paint, also known as natural paint, raw paint, soil paint. Chinese specialty, so it is called Chinese lacquer. For a natural resin paint, it is a white viscous emulsion that cuts the lacquer tree bark and flows out of the tough skin. It is made after processing. The use of lacquer began in the late Neolithic era. In the Shang Dynasty, the color paint was richer and appeared to stick gold foil and inlaid green pine on the lacquerware. After the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period, the production of lacquer wares has been developed, and it has been developed in the Han Dynasty, Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties, and has been used to this day.
The large paint in history was used to paint palace, temple, car, boat, coffin and family supplies. Paint textiles include lacquer yarn and so on. Tung oil is a kind of dry vegetable oil squeezed from the Chinese specialty oil tung seeds. The main ingredient is tung oil acid. Tung oil has the characteristics of rapid drying, high and low temperature, corrosion resistance, etc. Therefore, it is widely used in manufacturing industries such as lacquer, building, printing, ink, and shipbuilding. For example, in the painting, the brightness of the tung oil membrane is larger than the paint, but the anti -aging performance is not as good as the paint. The output of the paint is smaller than the tung oil, and the cost is also higher. , And can reduce costs.
The glutinous rice in ancient buildings was mixed with tung oil lime to adhere to bricks. The intensity of this adhesive even exceeded the modern cement mortar. In the print, the blue printing cloth is used to determine the pattern location of the oil paper carving version. This oil paper cutting version is mounted with persimmon paint with persimmon. The engraving method is connected with the paper -cutting paper, but the connection must be firm, emphasizing evenly to prevent the angle. After the paper version is engraved, apply a layer of tung oil. One is to increase the fastness, and the other is to make it difficult to transmit water. Wang Yan (xù) The cinnabar dyeing process of the Han Dynasty and the Han Dynasty printing of the Han Dynasty has been made of paint dyeing and printing experiments. In the experiment, Wang Yan adopted the color pulp made of a small amount of cooked tung oil in the egg yolk, because he believed that the adhesive in the color of the chopped fabric paste in the Han Dynasty, in addition to various glue, use dry oil (Such as cooked tung oil, etc.) is very likely. Trive pulp, which is both sapped juice. The trees, also known as the puppet tree and the tree, belong to the mulberry plants, the leaves of the leaves, the male and female, and the leaves are sometimes lacking into symmetry, and the fruits are red. The cricket tree milk contains a phenolic compound, which has an excellent adhesive effect similar to the paintol.
The common name of the tree constructing trees. The Book of Songs is called "Valley". The bark is rich in fiber can be used for papermaking, so it is called a papermaking tree; Its leaves feed deer, cattle, sheep and other animals, so they are also called deer trees. Eight "Hardware · Gold" in "Tiantong Kai" volume: "The Chinese objects, first use the paint, and then paste it. Those who paste the prison mostly use the slurry of the tree." , Li, Apricot, Cherry and other trunks secreted the lipid gum, the peach trees are mainly mountain peach trees. Peach trees are native to our country. In the Book of Songs, there are good phrases of "Peach, Burning their Chinese", and now they are widely cultivated around the world. Peach gum is a translucent polysaccharide substance with a wide range of uses. In the textile industry, it is used as an acid printed paste, the carving process of the flower cylinder is used as a protective rubber, and the printing industry is used as a gold powder adhesive. And make paper adhesives to replace imported Arab glue.
The bright glue is a kind of protein raised from a long -step degradation from the connective tissue (skin and bone) of animals (cattle, horses, pigs), and has a long history of using history. Traditional ink -making related to printed technology and commonly used gelatin as adhesives in the production of pigments. The gelatin of the blended pigment is also called Huang Mingjiao and Guangjiao. It is mostly produced in Guangdong and Guangxi. It is made of cow, horses, tendons, bones, and corners. Add water to melt with micro fire, and use only the upper layer to lightly divert the color. Ejiao, also known as Fu Zhijiao, is also made of beasts such as beef and horses. There are three types of glue, thin and transparent, pale yellow, and are selected for coordinates; the other is a clear and thick, or black paint for medicine; When the painter is used, it also melted with clear water, and only uses the water above. Glutinous rice paste, sauce made with glutinous rice. Glutinous rice is called Jiangmi, Yuanmi, and wine. The glutinous rice is a variant of rice cultivated by China. The rice grains are white, and the embryo contains branches of starch. When the masonry wall was mounted in the Ming Dynasty, the lime mortar and glutinous rice juice were stirred together and then made of glue materials.
It, the spring couplets under the eaves under the eaves of the city are also commonly used. According to folk artists, the traditional gold decorative technique is to pinch the gold foil with bamboo pliers, stick it to a sticky background, stick golden foundation, and use fishy glue to brush a layer. This is the ancient method of the Tang and Song dynasties; The use of tree fluid is the method of Guanzhong. Soymilk mucus, garlic liquid, and rock sugar water are available. Generally, garlic liquid is used on the cloth, on the wall and wooden board, "golden gum oil" is used with "pink powder" on the line. In addition, the materials used for adhesion in traditional crafts include worm glue and potato juice.
The gold foil used in the stickers is mostly called film gold. It has a certain thickness and fastness. Usually, according to the pattern needs, we can cut it and paste it without a background. Later, due to economic considerations and the development of the technology itself, the gold foil has become thinner and thinner, and it is fragile to blow the situation, so it can no longer be pasted with clipping. The main method of gold printing. In Jin Dynasty, this method may have been used for building decoration.
"Golden History · Benji" fifth "Hailing": "The decoration of the palace, the gold and the golden back, the gold dander is like falling into the snow", the record is probably the golden craftsmanship attached to the foil sticky golden craftsmanship Essence Although the foil sticky is the entire gold foil, in fact, only the gold foil with the patterns with a binder in advance. Name, so it is also called dandruff gold. Dandruff, crushing the end too. However, the Golden people avoid taboos, so in terms of "Ming gold" in terms of sales, the Song people just opposite and like to destroy the gold country with the gold homophony of gold. The name.
[Gold] is a processing method that reconciles gold powder with adhesives or after mud seals or is painted on the surface of the silk. The method of mud is closely linked to the traditional painting of Chinese painting, so its history can be traced back to a long time. However, the time of the mud gold textiles in the real sense is not too early. The Han and Jin dynasties were just the beginning, and the real popularity began until the Tang Dynasty, because the gold craftsman used the gold powder to make the technical premise.
The method of making traditional gold powder: one is the grinding method and auxiliary grinding method. The grinding method of gold powder uses emerald dandruff gold, such as the "gold dander" bar listed in the "Compendium of Materia Medica", and "Continuous Museum": "Those with different things, emerald dandruff ..." Emerald Dedu Gold uses emerald stones to make gold into powder. Ouyang Xiu also mentioned emerald dandruff gold in "Guitian Record": "And the emerald dandruff gold and popularity, these two things are unknown in the world. Yu, thought the jasper. When I was in Luzhou, I tried to show the ownership. The soldiers and horses were under the jurisdiction of Deng Baogi, and the true sects were old and the old ministers also knew it. There is a jadeite in the database in Tibet, so I know it. After that, Yu Tu -Yaoshi's golden ring was grinded in the pop -up, and the gold dandruff fell. Gold "also segmentation of the auxiliary grinding method: First, use gold foil greasy powder milk, fried with fire, gold foil like mud, and then roasting on the fire, researching it as powder, this is Chinese traditional Chinese medicine. This is Chinese traditional Chinese medicine. The method of making gold powder. The second is the Fox Gangzi method. See Hu Gangzi's "Golden Mine Records" and "Hardware Powder Scriptures". Its process technology is as follows: "In eliminating new mad gold, silver vinyls, in the sake of chi, if (or or (or or (or or (or or (or or ) Two Baidu in the true honey must be soft and moist ... Two hundred times in pig fat, which becomes soft gold. Put into thin (foil), cut it carefully, throw non -toxic watermark into mud, and take one or two gold or two , Six or two with water and silver, half a good rice meal, coincide in water. Put a thousand pestle in the iron mortar, wait for fineness, pour in the pot, remove the stones with water (torta), and try in detail. Go. Research, sieve rough objects, and make more discussions. Do not put it in the soil kettle. It is recommended to be salt, flying half a day, fly to mercury 讫, sand (tao) to salt, that is, natural powder. "Huang Baishi." In his "Gold Mine List", Fox Gangzi has detailed discussions on the types of gold and silver ore types, distribution, taste, authentic identification, smelting, and other aspects. In order to reduce gold and silver venom, the "Alchemy and Silver Powder" method was the first to be found to the Ming Dynasty, and it was eliminated due to medical disability. However, as a non -medicinal gold powder, it is taken in the people or has inheritance.
[sprinkle gold, gold sprinkle] The name of the gold should be related to mud gold. Sprinkling and gold may refer to the same process. It is generally believed that the technology of sprinklement is based on the pattern printing adhesive, and then sprinkle it with gold powder. The gold powder with a adhesive is sticking to the pattern. However, the name of "Sprinkling Gold" or "Satsu" has not been recorded in the literature before the Yuan Dynasty. Shen Congwen once quoted the "fine and dense" of the Ming Dynasty mentioned in the "Talking of Golden Paper" in the article "Talking about the Golden Flower Paper". Sprinkle gold and five -color powder paper, five -color big curtain sprinkle gold paper, printing gold five -color flower paper ", but there is no words and gold textiles. The records of the "sprinkler" in the Ming Dynasty did not see it, so it was difficult to explain its appearance, but it was verified that a document of the Suzhou Weaving Bureau of the Qing Dynasty: "Five colors of gold silk, each one long and six feet, each one long, six feet, and six feet long. Six foot wide, use the cleansing and pure bone silk with each foot, one or two silver, three dollars of paint -dyeing and silver, one -quarter of the real gold foil, three -quarters of the gold industry and banking Eight percent, each silver twenty -three -six dollars. "This copy of the price of five -color wax paper in Tongzhi in the eight -year manufacturing of five -colored wax paper, showing that sprinkle gold is not gold powder, but gold foil. Therefore, Shen Congwen summarized the three ways when talking about the general gold technology treatment of golden flower paper: "First, the small pieces of dense paper are like rain and snow, which is commonly referred to as 'selling gold', 'dandruff gold' or 'rain gold', that is, ordinary ordinary 'Sprinkle gold'. Second, the large -scale distributed paper is like a snow piece, which is called 'large blockbuster', and it is also called 'film gold', which is generally called 'sprinkled gold'. Silk is called 'Hun Gold'). "

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